An Optimized Hidden Node Handling Approach For Improving The Coverage And Network Efficiency In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are comprised of sensor nodes that form the momentary network and do not rely on the support of any orthodox centralized infrastructure or administration. Such a given situation mandates that every sensor node gets the support of the other sensor nodes in order to advance the packets to the desired destination node, and specifically to the sink node. Successful transmission of online multimedia streams in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is a challenge due to their limited bandwidth and power resources. The existing WMSN protocols are not completely appropriate for multimedia communication. The effectiveness of WMSNs vary as it depends on the correct location of the sensor nodes in the field. Thus, maximizing the multimedia coverage is the most important issue in the delivery of multimedia contents. The nodes in WMSNs are either static or mobile. Thus, the node connections change continuously due to the mobility in wireless multimedia communication that causes an additional energy consumption and synchronization loss between neighboring nodes. The focus is on hidden node problems in WMSNs and how they can affect the network performance. Hidden nodes occur in the networks when nodes that are invisible to each other communicate with another node that is visible to these nodes at a particular period. Eventually, a collision may occur and the node will be unable to receive any packets. In addition, this study looks at the effectiveness of the optimal orientation for the sensor nodes in the environment. This work introduces an Optimized Hidden Node Handling (OHND) approach. The OHND consists of three phases: hidden node handling, message exchange, and location and view handling. These three phases aim to maximize the multimedia node coverage and improve energy efficiency, hidden node handling capacity, and packet delivery ratio. OHND helps multimedia sensor nodes to compute the directional coverage. Furthermore, an OHND is used to maintain a continuous node– continuous neighbor discovery process to handle the mobility of the nodes. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, the results are compared with other known approaches. The results demonstrate that nodes are capable of maintaining direct coverage and detecting hidden nodes in order to maximize coverage, achieve power efficiency, reduce the end-to-end delay, and improve the throughput. Finally, this study provides an efficient solution for handling the hidden node problem in case mobility

An Optimized Hidden Node Detection Paradigm for Improving the Coverage and Network Efficiency in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Successful transmission of online multimedia streams in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is a big challenge due to their limited bandwidth and power resources. The existing WSN protocols are not completely appropriate for multimedia communication. The effectiveness of WMSNs varies, and it depends on the correct location of its sensor nodes in the field. Thus, maximizing the multimedia coverage is the most important issue in the delivery of multimedia contents. The nodes in WMSNs are either static or mobile. Thus, the node connections change continuously due to the mobility in wireless multimedia communication that causes an additional energy consumption, and synchronization loss between neighboring nodes. In this paper, we introduce an Optimized Hidden Node Detection (OHND) paradigm. The OHND consists of three phases: hidden node detection, message exchange, and location detection. These three phases aim to maximize the multimedia node coverage, and improve energy efficiency, hidden node detection capacity, and packet delivery ratio. OHND helps multimedia sensor nodes to compute the directional coverage. Furthermore, an OHND is used to maintain a continuous node– continuous neighbor discovery process in order to handle the mobility of the nodes. We implement our proposed algorithms by using a network simulator (NS2). The simulation results demonstrate that nodes are capable of maintaining direct coverage and detecting hidden nodes in order to maximize coverage and multimedia node mobility. To evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms, we compared our results with other known approaches.http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s1609143

Energy Efficient QoS Routing Protocol for Handling Hidden Nodes in in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are comprised of sensor nodes that form the momentary network and do not rely on the support of any orthodox centralized infrastructure or administration. Such a given situation mandates every sensor node to get the support of other sensor nodes to advance the packets to the desired destination node, and specifically to the sink node. In this poster, we introduce energy efficient quality of service protocol for WMSNs, in this work the focus will be to study hidden node problems in WMSNs (Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks) and how it can affect the network performance

A Highly Secure Quantum Communication Scheme for Blind Signature using Qubits and Qutrits

© ASEE 2014The advances in hardware speed has being rapidly increased rapidly in the recent years, which will lead to the ability to decrypt well known decryption algorithms in short time. This motivated many researchers to investigate better techniques to prevent disclosing and eavesdropping of communicated data. Quantum Cryptography is a promising solution, since it relies on the prosperities of quantum physics that ensure no change in the quantum state without the knowledge of the sender/receiver. Quantum Communication Scheme for Blind Signature with Two-Particle Entangled Quantum-Trits was proposed by Jinjing et al. [1] That scheme uses qutits during the communications and the process of the encryption is not clearly defined. In this paper we suggest a modification of Jinjing et al. protocol using qubits and qutrits during the encryption and decryption which proposed by Zhou et al. [2] The proposed algorithms enhances the efficiency of that scheme and creates a quantum cryptosystem environment to exchange the data in a secure way. During the communications, all the messages are encrypted using the the private key of the sender and a third party verifies the authenticity and the blindness of the signature

Real-Time QoS Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Study and Analysis

Many routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. These routing protocols are almost always based on energy efficiency. However, recent advances in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and small microphones have led to the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) as a class of wireless sensor networks which pose additional challenges. The transmission of imaging and video data needs routing protocols with both energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics in order to guarantee the efficient use of the sensor nodes and effective access to the collected data. Also, with integration of real time applications in Wireless Senor Networks (WSNs), the use of QoS routing protocols is not only becoming a significant topic, but is also gaining the attention of researchers. In designing an efficient QoS routing protocol, the reliability and guarantee of end-to-end delay are critical events while conserving energy. Thus, considerable research has been focused on designing energy efficient and robust QoS routing protocols. In this paper, we present a state of the art research work based on real-time QoS routing protocols for WMSNs that have already been proposed. This paper categorizes the real-time QoS routing protocols into probabilistic and deterministic protocols. In addition, both categories are classified into soft and hard real time protocols by highlighting the QoS issues including the limitations and features of each protocol. Furthermore, we have compared the performance of mobility-aware query based real-time QoS routing protocols from each category using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). This paper also focuses on the design challenges and future research directions as well as highlights the characteristics of each QoS routing protocol.https://doi.org/10.3390/s15092220

Multi-Method Diagnosis of CT Images for Rapid Detection of Intracranial Hemorrhages Based on Deep and Hybrid Learning

Intracranial hemorrhaging is considered a type of disease that affects the brain and is very dangerous, with high-mortality cases if there is no rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment. CT images are one of the most important methods of diagnosing intracranial hemorrhages. CT images contain huge amounts of information, requiring a lot of experience and taking a long time for proper analysis and diagnosis. Thus, artificial intelligence techniques provide an automatic mechanism for evaluating CT images to make a diagnosis with high accuracy and help radiologists make their diagnostic decisions. In this study, CT images for rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhages are diagnosed by three proposed systems with various methodologies and materials, where each system contains more than one network. The first system is proposed by three pretrained deep learning models, which are GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and AlexNet. The second proposed system using a hybrid technology consists of two parts: the first part is the GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and AlexNet models for extracting feature maps, while the second part is the SVM algorithm for classifying feature maps. The third proposed system uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on the features of the GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and AlexNet models, whose dimensions are reduced by a principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm, and then the low-dimensional features are combined with the features of the GLCM and LBP algorithms. All the proposed systems achieved promising results in the diagnosis of CT images for the rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhages. The ANN network based on fusion of the deep feature of AlexNet with the features of GLCM and LBP reached an accuracy of 99.3%, precision of 99.36%, sensitivity of 99.5%, specificity of 99.57% and AUC of 99.84

An Optimized Hidden Node Detection Paradigm for Improving the Coverage and Network Efficiency in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Successful transmission of online multimedia streams in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is a big challenge due to their limited bandwidth and power resources. The existing WSN protocols are not completely appropriate for multimedia communication. The effectiveness of WMSNs varies, and it depends on the correct location of its sensor nodes in the field. Thus, maximizing the multimedia coverage is the most important issue in the delivery of multimedia contents. The nodes in WMSNs are either static or mobile. Thus, the node connections change continuously due to the mobility in wireless multimedia communication that causes an additional energy consumption, and synchronization loss between neighboring nodes. In this paper, we introduce an Optimized Hidden Node Detection (OHND) paradigm. The OHND consists of three phases: hidden node detection, message exchange, and location detection. These three phases aim to maximize the multimedia node coverage, and improve energy efficiency, hidden node detection capacity, and packet delivery ratio. OHND helps multimedia sensor nodes to compute the directional coverage. Furthermore, an OHND is used to maintain a continuous node– continuous neighbor discovery process in order to handle the mobility of the nodes. We implement our proposed algorithms by using a network simulator (NS2). The simulation results demonstrate that nodes are capable of maintaining direct coverage and detecting hidden nodes in order to maximize coverage and multimedia node mobility. To evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms, we compared our results with other known approaches

Environmental energy and economic research : EEER

In many wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) the nodes are static. However, node connection is subjected to change due to disruptions in wireless communication, power changes in transmission, or loss of synchronization between neighboring nodes. A sensor should constantly be aware of its immediate neighbors, through a process called continuous neighbor discovery. In this paper we introduce an energy efficient hidden node detection (EEHND) algorithm for continuous neighbor discovery process in the wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). We focus on the continuous neighbor discovery process and regard it as a combined task of all the nodes in every connected segment. Each sensor is entered as a coordinate in an effort in order to reduce the time to detect hidden sensors. Based on the simulation results, we demonstrated that the protocol detected the hidden nodes in the network

A Review of Aging in European Societies. Healthy Aging in Europe, edited by Constantinos Phellas

The book Aging in European Societies: Healthy Aging in Europe, edited by Constantinos Phellas, Professor of Sociology at the University of Nicosia in Cyprus, presents articles on the current state of knowledge on aging in Europe from a panel of experts who approach the subject from broad theoretical and applied perspectives pertinent to research on aging and the design of social policies. The book¿s subtitle, Healthy Aging in Europe, exemplifies the desire of European nations to promote a positive lifestyle, regardless of the approach used (healthy, productive, active, successful, optimal, and so forth), to help individuals have a better quality of life in old age. The goal is to promote a better quality of life not only in old age but throughout the life cycle to ensure behavior that allows one to reach old age with continued well-being